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British Columbia

British Columbia is Canada at its most varied and its most cinematic: coastal rainforest, high alpine meadows, the Gulf Islands' sheltered bays, and the Okanagan's sun-drenched wine country all within a day's drive of each other. Vancouver, framed by mountains and ocean, consistently ranks among the world's most liveable cities, while Vancouver Island offers everything from whale watching off Telegraph Cove to the stately charm of Victoria's inner harbour. The Haida Gwaii archipelago and the Bowron Lake canoe circuit add a wilderness dimension that draws adventurers from across the world.

Ontario

Ontario is Canada's economic and cultural engine, anchored by Toronto — a global metropolis of extraordinary diversity where over 180 languages are spoken and the restaurant scene rivals any city in North America. Niagara Falls, the province's most visited attraction, is more impressive in person than any photograph can suggest, particularly in winter when ice formations create a landscape that has to be seen to be believed. Ottawa, the national capital, distils the best of Canada into a compact, bilingual city of world-class museums, the UNESCO-listed Rideau Canal, and a Parliament Hill that turns spectacular when lit for major celebrations.

Quebec

Quebec is a nation within a nation — the only majority French-speaking jurisdiction in North America, where centuries of distinct culture, cuisine, and legal tradition have produced something genuinely unlike anywhere else on the continent. Quebec City's fortified Upper Town, the only walled city north of Mexico, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site where horse-drawn carriages navigate cobblestone streets beneath the Château Frontenac. Montreal operates on a different frequency: a city that invented its own hybrid identity through Expo 67, the Cirque du Soleil, and a food scene centred on smoked meat, bagels, and poutine that the rest of the world has been trying to replicate ever since.

Alberta

Alberta contains two of the most awe-inspiring national parks on the planet — Banff and Jasper — where turquoise glacial lakes, ice-capped peaks, and the wildlife-rich Icefields Parkway create a mountain landscape that stops visitors cold. Calgary balances ranch-country heritage — Stampede Week remains the largest outdoor rodeo and festival in the world — with a modern downtown energy shaped by the oil economy and a booming arts scene. The Badlands around Drumheller, prehistoric and eerie, shelter the world's densest concentration of dinosaur fossils.

Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia juts into the Atlantic on a peninsula shaped by fishing, shipbuilding, and the sea — a Maritime province where the Celtic fiddle music of Cape Breton Island, the lighthouse-dotted Cabot Trail, and the historic waterfront of Halifax create an identity as distinctive as anywhere in Canada. Halifax, rebuilt after the catastrophic 1917 explosion, is now a university town of considerable energy, its seaport lined with restaurants and the Citadel Hill fort rising behind it. The Annapolis Valley's apple orchards and the tidal marshes of the Acadian heartland complete a province with Canada's most approachable Maritime character.

Yukon

Yukon is Canada's wild northwest corner, a territory of gold-rush ghost towns, wolf packs, and the Kluane National Park's St. Elias Mountains — home to the world's largest non-polar icefields. The Klondike Gold Rush of 1898 defined the territory's character and still animates Dawson City, where wooden boardwalks, restored saloons, and the Palace Grand Theatre maintain a frontier authenticity that filmmakers have never quite replicated. The Top of the World Highway from Dawson into Alaska passes through some of the most spectacular and empty mountain landscape on the continent.

Manitoba

Manitoba is the geographical heart of Canada, a province of vast boreal forest, prairie grasslands, and more than 100,000 lakes that make it one of North America's great freshwater destinations. Winnipeg punches above its weight culturally — the Canadian Museum for Human Rights, the Exchange District's Victorian architecture, and the Forks, where the Red and Assiniboine rivers meet, anchor a city of genuine vitality. Churchill, on Hudson Bay, is arguably the world's best accessible location for polar bear viewing and beluga whale encounters.

Saskatchewan

Saskatchewan is the prairie province that foreign visitors least expect and most remember — a place where the sky is the defining feature, stretching from horizon to horizon over wheat fields, river valleys, and grasslands that once sustained millions of bison. Saskatoon's riverbank arts scene and Waskesiu's lakeside lodges offer urban and wilderness pleasures in equal measure. The Qu'Appelle Valley and the Cypress Hills, rising improbably from the flatlands, provide the topographic drama that surprises every first-time visitor.

New Brunswick

New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province in Canada, where Acadian French culture has persisted alongside English-speaking communities in a relationship that has shaped the province's character for three centuries. The Bay of Fundy experiences the world's highest tidal range — the difference between high and low tide can exceed 16 metres, creating the flowerpot sea stacks at Hopewell Rocks that are fully submerged twice a day. Fredericton, the quietly elegant capital, and Saint John, an industrial port city with an unexpectedly vibrant arts scene, reward the travellers who venture beyond the Maritime tourist trail.

Prince Edward Island

Prince Edward Island is Canada's smallest province and its most intensely pastoral — a red-soil island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence where potato fields, sandy beaches, and the literary legacy of Anne of Green Gables conspire to create something almost impossibly charming. Charlottetown, the site of the 1864 confederation conferences that created Canada, holds its place as the Cradle of Confederation with considerable pride and a theatre festival that draws visitors from across North America each summer. The island's cycling routes, lobster suppers, and craft brewery scene have built a tourism industry wildly disproportionate to its tiny population of 170,000.

Newfoundland and Labrador

Newfoundland and Labrador occupies the eastern edge of North America with an independence of spirit rooted in centuries of isolation, cod fishery, and a dialect of English so distinct that linguists study it like a living museum piece. L'Anse aux Meadows, on the island's northern tip, is the authenticated site of a Norse settlement from around 1000 CE — the earliest known European presence in the Americas and a UNESCO World Heritage Site of global significance. The province's icebergs, calved from Greenland's glaciers and drifting south along Iceberg Alley, reach peak density in spring, drawing photographers from around the world to the cliff-tops above St. John's.

Northwest Territories

The Northwest Territories is Canada's aurora heartland, a sub-Arctic wilderness of boreal forest, tundra, and interconnected waterways where the northern lights illuminate clear winter skies for much of the year. Yellowknife, the capital, sits on the north shore of Great Slave Lake and has built an entire industry around aurora tourism, with operators offering heated glass-roofed cabins and snowmobile expeditions. The Nahanni National Park Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, protects one of North America's wildest river canyons — Virginia Falls drops twice the height of Niagara with no road access.

Nunavut

Nunavut is Canada's newest and largest territory, a vast Arctic expanse of tundra, ice, and fjord that covers nearly a fifth of the country's total area and is home to the majority of Canada's Inuit population. Iqaluit, the capital, is the only city in the territory — everything else is reached by small aircraft across a landscape so remote it makes other wilderness destinations seem suburban by comparison. For those willing to make the journey, Auyuittuq National Park's granite towers and the polar bear congregation at Foxe Basin offer encounters with the natural world at its most elemental.

Toronto

Toronto is Canada's largest city and one of the world's most diverse metropolises, where the CN Tower anchors a skyline that rises above a lakefront neighbourhood grid of extraordinary cultural richness. The Royal Ontario Museum, the Art Gallery of Ontario, Kensington Market, and the Distillery District give the city a cultural depth that rewards days of exploration. Its restaurant scene, driven by waves of immigration from every corner of the world, has made Toronto one of the most exciting cities to eat in all of North America.

Vancouver

Vancouver is framed by the Pacific Ocean on one side and the Coast Mountains on the other — a combination that makes it simultaneously one of the most beautiful cities in North America and a magnet for outdoor enthusiasts. Stanley Park, a 400-hectare old-growth forest in the city's centre, and Granville Island's public market define the city's outdoor-meets-urban identity. The nearby ski mountains at Whistler and Grouse, visible from downtown on clear days, remind visitors that true wilderness is never more than an hour away.

Montreal

Montreal is Canada's most European city — a bilingual, bistro-lined metropolis where the festival calendar runs almost year-round and the food culture is taken as seriously as in Paris or Lyon. The Plateau-Mont-Royal neighbourhood, with its painted staircases and independent bookshops, and Old Montreal's cobblestone Vieux-Port are two completely different cities coexisting on the same island. The Montreal Jazz Festival (the world's largest), Just for Laughs comedy festival, and Osheaga music festival keep the city's summer schedule relentlessly full.

Quebec City

Quebec City is the most overtly European city in North America, its UNESCO-listed Old Town divided into Upper and Lower Towns connected by the funicular and the monumental Château Frontenac that has defined the skyline since 1893. In winter, the Quebec Winter Carnival transforms the fortified streets into an ice sculpture gallery and toboggan run of world renown. The Plains of Abraham, where Wolfe defeated Montcalm in 1759 and effectively decided the fate of French Canada, now serves as a summer concert venue overlooking the St. Lawrence.

Calgary

Calgary is the gateway to the Rockies — a city that has grown faster than almost any other in Canada, with world-class performing arts venues and one of the country's best restaurant scenes built on oil-industry ambition. The Calgary Stampede, held every July since 1912, is the world's largest outdoor rodeo and a genuine cultural event that transforms the entire city into a celebration of western heritage. The drive west on the Trans-Canada Highway to Banff takes about an hour and offers mountain scenery that starts impressively and keeps improving.

Ottawa

Ottawa is Canada's capital and its most underrated major city — a bilingual university town with extraordinary free museums, the UNESCO-listed Rideau Canal (which becomes the world's largest naturally frozen skating rink each winter), and a Parliament Hill that genuinely impresses. The National Gallery of Canada, the Canadian Museum of History across the river in Gatineau, and the Museum of Nature form one of the strongest museum clusters on the continent. Winterlude in February, with its ice sculptures and skating competitions, makes a compelling case for visiting a Canadian capital in its coldest season.

Banff

Banff is the jewel of the Canadian Rockies, a small mountain town set within Canada's oldest national park at 1,400 metres elevation, surrounded by glacier-carved peaks, turquoise lakes, and some of the most dramatic alpine scenery on earth. Lake Louise and Moraine Lake, a short drive from town, are so intensely coloured by glacial meltwater that photographs of them consistently look oversaturated. The Icefields Parkway north to Jasper, widely considered one of the world's great scenic drives, passes the Columbia Icefield and half a dozen other glaciers in 230 kilometres of mountain road.

Victoria

Victoria occupies the southern tip of Vancouver Island with a particular gentility — afternoon tea at the Fairmont Empress, whale watching in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and gardens in every front yard sustain a reputation as the most British city in Canada. The Inner Harbour, lined with floatplanes and horse-drawn carriages, and the Royal BC Museum's collection of First Nations cultural artefacts give the city a depth that rewards more than a day trip from Vancouver. Its mild Pacific climate means Victoria's flowers bloom earlier and its streets remain temperate long after the rest of the country has surrendered to winter.

Niagara Falls

Niagara Falls is far more impressive in person than its tourist-trap reputation suggests — the volume of water pouring over the Horseshoe Falls is simply staggering, and the mist rising from the gorge is visible from kilometres away. The boat tours that approach the base of the falls have been drenching visitors since 1846 and remain the single best way to appreciate the falls' true scale. In winter, when ice formations build up along the river and the crowds thin dramatically, Niagara becomes genuinely beautiful rather than merely spectacular.

Edmonton

Edmonton is Alberta's capital and the most northerly major city in Canada, where the oil-industry boom has funded world-class arts institutions and the largest collection of Ukrainian heritage outside Ukraine. The North Saskatchewan River valley cuts through the city in a broad ravine that forms the largest urban park system in North America — over 160 kilometres of trails connecting parks and botanical gardens. The Edmonton Folk Music Festival and Fringe Theatre Festival in August make the city a summer destination that locals have quietly kept to themselves.

Whistler

Whistler is one of the world's premier mountain resort destinations, a purpose-built village at the base of two ski mountains that hosted the alpine and sliding events of the 2010 Winter Olympics. In summer, the skis give way to mountain bikes and the trails of Whistler Bike Park — among the best on the planet — draw riders who descend runs of extraordinary technical complexity. The 120-kilometre Sea-to-Sky Highway connecting Whistler to Vancouver, passing Shannon Falls and Stawamus Chief, is one of the most scenic highway drives in North America.

Halifax

Halifax is the Atlantic coast's most energetic small city — a university town and naval base where a lively waterfront, excellent restaurants, and Pier 21 (the immigration museum where a million Canadians' ancestors first arrived) sit comfortably side by side. The Halifax Citadel, a hilltop star fort with a daily noon cannon firing, and the Historic Properties warehouses along the harbour preserve the city's mercantile past with considerable style. The drive to Peggy's Cove, perhaps Canada's most photographed lighthouse, takes just over an hour along a coast of grey granite and fishing villages.

Jasper

Jasper is Banff's quieter, larger sibling — a small railroad town in the heart of Canada's biggest national park, where wildlife is more abundant and the crowds considerably thinner. The Athabasca Falls, the Miette Hot Springs, and the Jasper SkyTram to the Whistlers summit give the town a full menu of natural attractions within a short drive. At night, the park's Dark Sky Preserve designation means the Milky Way overhead is visible with a clarity that most city dwellers have never experienced.

Charlottetown

Charlottetown is both the capital of Prince Edward Island and the birthplace of Confederation — the 1864 conferences that led to Canada's creation were held here, and Province House, where the delegates met, is a national historic site. The Confederation Centre of the Arts has staged the Anne of Green Gables musical every summer since 1965, drawing visitors who grew up with L.M. Montgomery's novels from across North America and Japan. Victoria Row's restaurant patios and the weekly farmers' market complete the picture of a small capital with entirely outsized charm.

Winnipeg

Winnipeg is Canada's most underrated major city — a prairie metropolis at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers where the Canadian Museum for Human Rights, an architecturally extraordinary building, anchors a cultural landscape that includes the Royal Winnipeg Ballet and a thriving Indigenous arts scene. The Exchange District, a heritage neighbourhood of Chicago-school commercial architecture, has been reinvented as a hub of galleries, restaurants, and independent retailers. Churchill, accessible by train from Winnipeg, offers the world's most accessible polar bear viewing and beluga whale encounters on Hudson Bay.

St. John's

St. John's is one of the oldest cities in North America, its brightly painted row houses climbing Signal Hill above a harbour that has sheltered ships since the fifteenth century. George Street, reputedly North America's densest concentration of bars per square metre, and the Irish pub sessions that fill them most nights give the city a social energy entirely at odds with its remote geographic position. Cape St. Mary's ecological reserve, a short drive south, places visitors at arm's length from nesting gannets and murres on sea stacks rising sheer from the Atlantic.

Yellowknife

Yellowknife is the aurora capital of North America — its northern latitude, clear winter skies, and position within the auroral oval make it one of the best places on earth to observe the northern lights between November and March. The city sits on the north shore of Great Slave Lake, where float planes depart for fishing lodges so remote that no road reaches them in any season. Old Town, built on a rocky outcrop with houseboats moored below and bush planes tied to the dock, preserves the frontier character of a city that has been chasing gold and diamonds since 1934.

Kelowna

Kelowna is the heart of the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia's wine country — a warm, dry valley of orchards and vineyards that produces some of Canada's finest Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. Okanagan Lake, 135 kilometres long and deep enough to generate its own weather, offers sailing and swimming in water warm enough to enjoy from June through September. The Kettle Valley Rail Trail, converted from an old railway bed, gives cyclists access to spectacular canyon and lake scenery that makes the Okanagan one of Canada's best cycling destinations.

Whitehorse

Whitehorse is the Yukon's capital and the staging point for every wilderness adventure in Canada's northwest — canoeing the Yukon River to Dawson City, hiking Kluane National Park's glacial valleys, or simply watching the aurora from a log cabin on the edge of town. The SS Klondike, a restored sternwheeler beached on the Yukon River bank, and the MacBride Museum tell the story of the 1898 Klondike Gold Rush that defined the territory. In winter, wolf howls audible on the city's edge remind visitors that Whitehorse, for all its cafés and microbreweries, sits genuinely on the frontier of the wild.

Fredericton

Fredericton is one of Canada's more elegant provincial capitals, a Victorian city of elm-lined streets along the Saint John River where the Beaverbrook Art Gallery houses a collection — including a Dalí and significant European works — that feels entirely improbable in a city of 60,000. The Garrison District, a preserved British military compound with a changing-of-the-guard ceremony in summer, gives the city its particular historic character. The drive west through the Saint John River Valley to the Bay of Fundy passes some of the most beautiful agricultural landscape in Atlantic Canada.

The Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland, established around 1000 CE by Leif Eriksson's expedition from Greenland, is the only confirmed evidence of pre-Columbian European contact with North America — the only authenticated Viking Age settlement in the Americas. Eight turf buildings, excavated in the 1960s and now partially reconstructed, prove that the Norse sagas describing Vinland were accounts of a real place.

The four contiguous national parks of the Canadian Rockies — Banff, Jasper, Yoho, and Kootenay — together with three adjacent provincial parks constitute the most spectacular mountain landscape in North America: 20,000 square kilometres of glacier-carved peaks, emerald lakes coloured by glacial flour, the Columbia Icefield (the largest icefield south of the Arctic Circle), and the Burgess Shale fossil beds where 505-million-year-old soft-bodied animals were preserved in extraordinary detail.

The walled city of Québec on the St. Lawrence, the only fortified city in North America north of Mexico still retaining its walls, preserves the most complete example of a French colonial North American city — the Place Royale where Samuel de Champlain founded New France in 1608, the Château Frontenac above the Dufferin Terrace, and the Upper Town's military fortifications that survived the British siege of 1759. The city is the cradle of French Canada and the most European-feeling city in North America.

The South Nahanni River in the Northwest Territories carves through a landscape of canyons, waterfalls — Virginia Falls, twice the height of Niagara — hot springs, and tufa mounds in one of the most remote and pristine river wilderness areas in North America. The Nahanni was one of the first natural sites inscribed by UNESCO in 1978; the expanded reserve of 2009 covers 30,000 square kilometres of subarctic wilderness and contains no roads, settlements, or permanent infrastructure.

The badlands of Dinosaur Provincial Park in the Red Deer River valley of Alberta have produced more complete dinosaur fossils than any other place on earth — over 50 dinosaur species, more than 500 museum-quality specimens removed from the badlands, representing 75 million years of Late Cretaceous diversity. The park's dramatic badland topography of hoodoos, river coulees, and exposed Cretaceous sediment is simultaneously the most productive palaeontological site in the world and one of the strangest landscapes in Canada.

The abandoned Haida village of SGang Gwaay (Anthony Island) off the southern tip of Haida Gwaii in British Columbia preserves the world's largest surviving collection of standing totem poles and mortuary poles in their original context — a village last occupied in 1880 whose twenty surviving poles, carved from red cedar and slowly returning to the forest floor, represent the funerary and heraldic art of one of the most sophisticated pre-contact cultures on the Northwest Coast.

Wood Buffalo National Park, straddling the Alberta-Northwest Territories border and larger than Switzerland, protects the world's largest free-roaming herd of wood bison — 5,000 animals — and the only natural nesting site of the endangered whooping crane in the world, a species that came within 20 individuals of extinction in the 1940s. The park's delta of the Peace and Athabasca rivers is one of the largest inland deltas in the world and a critical habitat for waterbirds on the Central Flyway.

Gros Morne National Park in western Newfoundland contains the most spectacular example of exposed ophiolite in the world — a slab of oceanic mantle rock thrust onto the continental crust during the ancient collision that formed Appalachian North America, giving geologists the clearest surface view of earth's upper mantle available anywhere. The Tablelands, a rust-red plateau of peridotite rising above a glacial fjord, provided the confirmation of plate tectonic theory in the 1970s.

Lunenburg in Nova Scotia, planned and settled by German, Swiss, and French Protestants in 1753 under British colonial direction, is the most intact surviving example of a planned British colonial settlement in North America. The grid plan, the Old Town's mix of 18th and 19th-century British colonial and vernacular architecture, and the working fishing harbour with its restored fishing schooner tradition — the Bluenose II, replica of the schooner on the Canadian dime, is based here — preserve a living fishing town of authentic character.

The Devonian fossil beds of Miguasha on the Gaspésie peninsula of Québec contain the world's most important collection of Late Devonian fish fossils — species representing the critical moment, 370 million years ago, when lobe-finned fish began their transition to tetrapods and the first vertebrates moved from water to land. The Elpistostege, discovered at Miguasha in 2020 and the closest known fish relative of all land vertebrates, is the best-preserved specimen of the pivotal evolutionary transition.

The Rideau Canal, built between 1826 and 1832 by Colonel John By of the Royal Engineers as a military supply route between Ottawa and Kingston following the War of 1812, is the oldest continuously operated canal system in North America and the best-preserved example of a slackwater canal — a system using natural lakes and rivers dammed and connected by short canal cuts. In Ottawa, the canal's 7.8-kilometre stretch through the city freezes each winter to become the world's largest naturally refrigerated skating rink.

The coastal cliffs of Joggins on the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia expose a 15-kilometre sequence of Carboniferous sediment deposited 315 million years ago, containing the world's most extensive and best-preserved record of the 'Coal Age' — standing fossil trees, the remains of the earliest known reptiles, and the environment that produced the coal seams of Atlantic Canada. Charles Lyell described Joggins as the 'most wonderful fossil forest in the world'; it provided crucial evidence for Darwin's theory of evolution.

The world's first International Peace Park, established jointly by Canada and the United States in 1932, encompasses Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta and Glacier National Park in Montana — a continuous mountain ecosystem straddling the 49th parallel where the Rocky Mountains meet the Great Plains in landscapes of striking abruptness. The park is managed collaboratively by both countries as a symbol of peaceful international relations, a concept later applied to over 40 cross-border protected areas worldwide.

The agricultural landscape of Grand Pré in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia, transformed from tidal marshland into fertile farmland by the Acadian settlers from the 1680s through their system of aboiteaux (dyked marsh channels), is the most important surviving example of French Acadian settlement landscape in North America and the site of the 1755 deportation of 10,000 Acadians by British authorities — an event that scattered the French-speaking population across the Atlantic world and defined Acadian cultural identity.

The Basque whaling station at Red Bay on the Labrador coast, operating between 1530 and 1600 as the world's largest whale processing facility — converting bowhead and right whale blubber into lamp oil shipped to markets in Spain and France — is the earliest large-scale industrial site in the Americas. The harbour floor preserves four Basque galleons sunk in storms, the shoreline retains the stone rendering ovens, and the associated cemeteries document a workforce of 1,000-2,000 men per season crossing the Atlantic for a century before English settlement.

Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump in the Alberta foothills is one of the world's oldest, largest, and best-preserved buffalo jumps — a cliff over which Plains Indigenous peoples drove bison herds for nearly 6,000 years using communal hunting techniques requiring careful coordination across the landscape. The site preserves not just the cliff edge but the entire cultural landscape: drive lanes built from cairns stretching kilometres across the prairie, the kill site below, and the camp processing areas where bison were transformed into food, tools, clothing, and shelter. Inscribed in 1981.

This transnational World Heritage Site shared between Canada and the United States encompasses the largest non-polar icefield in the world — a continuous mass of glaciers and mountains covering over 98,000 square kilometres across the Yukon, British Columbia, and Alaska. The site includes Mount Logan, Canada's highest peak at 5,959 metres, and glacier systems of extraordinary scale that descend to sea level. The lower valleys support grizzly bear, black bear, wolf, Dall sheep, and vast salmon runs in rivers among the last undammed river systems in North America.

The wave-washed clifftops of Mistaken Point on Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula preserve the world's oldest known fossils of large, complex, multicellular organisms — Ediacaran soft-bodied creatures that lived 565–580 million years ago, predating the Cambrian Explosion and documenting an early phase of animal evolution almost entirely absent from the fossil record elsewhere. Over 10,000 fossil impressions are preserved on bedding plane surfaces exposed by coastal erosion, including forms that bear no relationship to any living organism and whose biology remains actively debated. Inscribed in 2016.

Pimachiowin Aki — 'The Land That Gives Life' in Ojibwe — encompasses 33,400 square kilometres of boreal forest and lakes in northern Manitoba and Ontario, representing one of the world's largest remaining intact boreal ecosystems and the living homeland of five First Nations communities whose relationship with this landscape stretches back at least 7,000 years. The site's significance lies in the integration of natural and cultural heritage: the boreal forest is inseparable from Anishinaabe cultural practices — wild rice harvesting, ceremonial sites, pictographs, and oral traditions — that have shaped the landscape for millennia. Inscribed in 2018.

Writing-on-Stone, known in Blackfoot as Áísínai'pi ('it is pictured/written'), is a landscape of hoodoos and coulees in southern Alberta containing the largest concentration of Indigenous rock art on the North American Great Plains — thousands of petroglyphs and pictographs created by Blackfoot people over centuries, recording spiritual visions, historical events, and ceremonial practices. The site is still an active spiritual landscape for the Blackfoot Confederacy, whose elders continue to use it for ceremony and regard it as a place where the boundary between the physical and spiritual worlds becomes permeable. Inscribed in 2019.

The Klondike region of the Yukon preserves the extraordinary story of the 1896–99 Gold Rush — one of history's greatest mass migrations, when 100,000 people flooded into a remote subarctic wilderness in pursuit of gold — alongside the much older story of the Han people, whose homeland this has been for millennia. Dawson City, with its preserved boardwalks and Gold Rush-era buildings, documents the brief, feverish moment when this corner of the Yukon was the most talked-about place on earth, while the surrounding landscape carries traces of both Indigenous land use and industrial gold dredging. Inscribed in 2023.

Anticosti Island sits in the Gulf of St. Lawrence like a submerged limestone plateau half-emerged from the sea — its canyon-scarred surface, riddled with Ordovician fossil beds spanning 445 million years, constitutes one of the world's most exceptional palaeontological records of the end-Ordovician mass extinction. The island's gorges, cut deep by rivers that drain into the Gulf in spectacular waterfalls, shelter salmon runs of a quality now almost impossible to find elsewhere in eastern Canada. Inscribed in 2023, Anticosti remains one of the most remote and least-visited World Heritage Sites in North America — precisely the conditions that kept it intact.