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Oslo

Oslo sits at the head of the Oslofjord between pine-forested ridges on a site occupied since the Viking Age, and its recent decade of investment has transformed it into one of the most design-conscious and culturally vibrant capital cities in northern Europe. The waterfront Tjuvholmen district, the Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art, and the swooping white-concrete Oslo Opera House have created an international-standard cultural mile along the fjordfront, while the Munch Museum and National Gallery house works that document Norway's outsized contribution to 19th and 20th-century art. The Holmenkollen ski jump above the city, the Vigeland Sculpture Park's 200 bronze and granite figures, and the Bymarken forest that begins at the tram terminus give Oslo an outdoor dimension most Nordic capitals cannot match.

Hordaland

Hordaland is the gateway to the fjord landscape that defines Norway's international image, anchored by Bergen — the former Hanseatic trading post whose Bryggen wharf, a row of painted wooden buildings reflected in the harbour, is Norway's most photographed UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Hardangerfjord, the second-longest fjord in the world, cuts through the Hardanger plateau past orchards of apple and cherry trees producing Norway's most celebrated fruit beneath walls of snow-clad mountains. The Bergen Railway's most dramatic branch — the Flåm mountain railway, dropping from the Hardanger plateau to sea level — and the Voss adventure sports scene round out one of Europe's greatest outdoor regions.

Møre og Romsdal

Møre og Romsdal delivers what most visitors come to Norway for in spectacular concentration: Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord together constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site of staggering vertical drama, their thousand-metre walls dropping directly into still water beneath cascading waterfalls that freeze into silver columns through the winter. Ålesund, the county's largest city, was rebuilt in Art Nouveau style after an 1904 fire with financial assistance from Kaiser Wilhelm II, who summered here, and its elegant harbour-side facades make it the most architecturally coherent city in western Norway. The Atlantic Ocean Road — a series of concrete bridges threading between wave-battered islands off the Romsdal coast — has been voted the world's most beautiful drive in multiple international polls.

Sogn og Fjordane

Sogn og Fjordane is Norway's deepest fjord country, where the Sognefjord — 205 kilometres long and 1,308 metres deep — is the longest and deepest fjord in Norway and the second in the world, its scale so immense that it takes an entire day's cruise to traverse its full length. The UNESCO-protected Nærøyfjord arm, barely 250 metres wide at its narrowest, funnels cruise ships and kayaks between walls of rock where waterfalls thread the spray-soaked cliff faces like silver ribbons. The Flåm Railway, ranked among the world's most scenic rail journeys, descends 863 metres in just 20 kilometres from the Myrdal mountain plateau to the Aurlandsfjord arm of the Sognefjord, passing eleven tunnels and the spectacular Kjosfossen waterfall.

Rogaland

Rogaland is the oil capital of Norway — Stavanger's offshore petroleum industry transformed a modest fishing and canning town into a cosmopolitan city of international engineers, Michelin-starred restaurants, and the world's highest concentration of oil-sector companies per capita. But the county's great outdoors rival any Norwegian landscape: Preikestolen (Pulpit Rock), a flat cliff-top platform hovering 604 metres above Lysefjord, has become one of Europe's most famous hikes, and the Kjerag boulder — wedged between two rockfaces above the same fjord — draws adrenaline-seeking photographers from across the world. Stavanger's medieval stone cathedral, the restored old town (Gamle Stavanger) of 173 white wooden houses, and the Norwegian Petroleum Museum make the city equally rewarding for culture-seeking visitors.

Sør-Trøndelag

Sør-Trøndelag is the spiritual capital of Norway, centred on Trondheim and the great Nidaros Cathedral — built over the tomb of Saint Olav, the Viking king who Christianised Norway, and for seven centuries the destination of Scandinavia's most important pilgrimage route. Trondheim itself is Norway's third city, a handsome university town of colourful timber wharfhouses reflected in the Nidelva River, with a cafe culture and festival calendar that belies its northern latitude of 63 degrees. The Bakklandet neighbourhood's cobbled streets, the Ringve Music Museum, and the city's medieval fortress Kristiansten make Trondheim one of Norway's most rewarding destinations for extended stays.

Nordland

Nordland reaches from Mo i Rana, just south of the Arctic Circle, to the dramatic Lofoten archipelago and the whale-rich waters of the Vesterålen islands, encompassing Norway's most iconic island scenery. The Lofoten Islands — steep-walled peaks rising from mirror-flat sea — have become one of Norway's most recognisable images, their red-painted rorbuer (fishermen's cabins) converted into visitor accommodation around the same drying racks and cod-fishing traditions they have serviced for centuries. Bodø, the county capital, is the departure point for the world's strongest tidal current at Saltstraumen, where 400 million cubic metres of seawater force through a narrow 150-metre channel four times a day.

Troms

Troms centres on Tromsø, the largest city north of the Arctic Circle in Norway, which has earned its reputation as the Northern Lights capital of the world for the reliable quality and frequency of aurora displays above its island setting from September through March. The Arctic Alpine Botanical Garden, the world's northernmost university, and a packed calendar of polar expeditions have given Tromsø a cosmopolitan energy surprising for a city of 75,000 at 69 degrees north. The Lyngen Alps, rising to glacier-capped peaks above the Lyngenfjord to the east, attract ski mountaineers who climb 1,800-metre summits and descend directly into the sea in a form of extreme skiing unique to this stretch of the Norwegian coast.

Finnmark

Finnmark is Norway's vast Arctic frontier — stretching from the Barents Sea coast to the Finnish and Russian borders in a territory larger than Denmark, where the Northern Lights perform nightly above tundra landscapes that dwarf entire European countries. North Cape (Nordkapp), the northernmost point of mainland Europe at 71°N, draws tens of thousands of midnight-sun pilgrims each summer to stand on its black basalt plateau above the Arctic Ocean. The indigenous Sami people of Finnmark maintain their reindeer herding culture on the endless Finnmarksvidda plateau, and Kautokeino is the Sami cultural capital of Norway, home to the Sami National Theatre and the world's only Sami-language broadcasting service.

Akershus

Akershus encircles Oslo in a ring of forests, fjord shoreline, and medieval history that includes Norway's most important Viking heritage sites — the Oseberg and Gokstad ships, raised from their burial mounds in the late 19th century and displayed in the Viking Ship Museum at Bygdøy. The Ekebergsletta ridge, just east of Oslo, is where Edvard Munch witnessed the 'infinite scream of nature' that inspired The Scream in 1893, and the ridge today offers the closest urban-fringe natural landscape to the Norwegian capital. Oslo Gardermoen Airport, the country's international aviation gateway at the county's northern end, handles the vast majority of Norway's visitor arrivals in a terminal designed by the celebrated Norwegian architectural firm Aviaplan.

Oppland

Oppland is Norway's mountain heartland, home to Jotunheimen National Park — whose summits include Galdhøpiggen (2,469 m, Norway's highest peak) and Glittertind, and whose hiking trails represent the most challenging and rewarding terrain in the entire country. Lillehammer, the county's main city, hosted the 1994 Winter Olympics in a winter sports complex whose bobsled and ski-jump facilities remain in active use, and the Maihaugen open-air folk museum holds the largest collection of traditional Norwegian buildings in Scandinavia. The Gudbrandsdal valley, running north from Lillehammer to the Jotunheimen peaks, is the geographic backbone of Norwegian rural tradition — the Peer Gynt landscape of Ibsen's imagination, its wooden farms and upland summer pastures (seter) largely unchanged since the 19th century.

Vestfold

Vestfold is Norway's Viking heartland — more burial mounds per square kilometre than anywhere else in Scandinavia, including the Borre National Park's ship burials and the Oseberg mound near Tønsberg, where one of the world's most sophisticated Viking-Age vessels was excavated in 1904 along with textiles, carvings, and household objects that revolutionised understanding of Norse material culture. Tønsberg, founded in 872, is the oldest town in Norway and was the kingdom's medieval capital, its strategic position controlling the Oslofjord narrows making it the natural centre of Norwegian power before Oslo's rise. Sandefjord, the county's other major town, was once the whaling capital of the world — its Whaling Museum holds a comprehensive record of an industry that took Norwegian ships to every ocean on Earth from the 1890s through the 1960s.

Buskerud

Buskerud extends from the Oslofjord shore westward through the Numedal valley and the Norefjell ski plateau to the vast Hardangervidda National Park — Europe's largest mountain plateau and home to its largest wild reindeer herd, a landscape of ancient ice-smoothed rock and meltwater lakes that feels untouched since the last glacier retreated. Kongsberg, the county's most historic town, was built on silver — the Kongsberg Silver Mines, discovered in 1623, funded the Norwegian mint for 300 years and are now a museum where visitors can pan for silver in the original underground galleries. The ski resort of Geilo, sitting between Oslo and Bergen on the Bergen Railway, serves Norway's most accessible alpine terrain and a cross-country skiing paradise on the Hardangervidda from November through May.

Telemark

Telemark gave the world its name for the elegant ski turn invented on its snow-covered ridges in the 19th century, and the county's mountain landscapes — Gaustatoppen's brooding summit visible from a quarter of Norway on a clear day — still attract skiers, hikers, and backcountry travellers whose pilgrimages feel unchanged from the era that invented the sport. The Telemark Canal, a 105-kilometre waterway completed in 1892 linking Skien to Dalen through 18 locks, is one of Norway's most spectacular engineering achievements — a Victorian marvel that still carries passenger boats through landscapes of birch forests and steep valley walls in full working order. The Rjukan-Notodden Industrial Heritage Site, where WWII saboteurs destroyed the heavy water plant that could have enabled Nazi Germany's nuclear programme, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that commemorates Norway's most celebrated act of wartime resistance.

Nord-Trøndelag

Nord-Trøndelag extends from the outer coast of Trondheimfjord through the Innherred agricultural heartland to the Swedish border, a county whose most famous site is Røros — the best-preserved 17th-century copper-mining town in Europe, a UNESCO World Heritage Site of extraordinary completeness where wooden houses painted red, ochre, and black line cobbled streets that look entirely unchanged from the engravings made when the mines were operating. The Stiklestad battlefield north of Steinkjer marks where King Olav II died in 1030, a defeat that paradoxically turned him into Saint Olav and launched the Nidaros Cathedral pilgrimage tradition that shaped Norwegian national identity for centuries. The county's coastal Vikna archipelago forms one of Norway's largest fishing ports by catch volume, its open sea-eagle landscape and dramatic Atlantic weather attracting wildlife-watchers and coastal kayakers from across Europe.

Vest-Agder

Vest-Agder anchors Norway's far south at the Lindesnes lighthouse — the southernmost point of mainland Norway, where the North Sea and the Skagerrak meet in waters Hanseatic traders have navigated since the Middle Ages. Kristiansand, the county capital and Norway's fifth largest city, draws Scandinavian families to Dyreparken zoo and the Sørlandet summer coast in a region whose warm, dry summers attract more Norwegian holidaymakers per capita than anywhere else in the country. The Setesdal Valley, cutting north from the coast into upland moors, preserves traditional Norwegian building styles, folk costume, and the Hardanger fiddle tradition in villages that modernisation has left remarkably intact.

Aust-Agder

Aust-Agder extends along Norway's southern Skagerrak coast in a landscape of smooth sea-worn granite skerries, sheltered coves, and white-painted coastal towns that have drawn Scandinavian summer vacationers since the 19th century. Arendal, the county capital, spreads across a cluster of small islands with a colourful wooden-house waterfront that earned it the nickname 'the Venice of Norway' from 19th-century travellers, its merchant-era quayside architecture still largely intact. Grimstad, where Henrik Ibsen served as a pharmacy apprentice and began his early writing career, preserves the modest house where Norway's greatest dramatist started the life that would change world theatre.

Hedmark

Hedmark is Norway's largest county by area — a vast inland territory of pine forests, gentle farmland, and slow rivers bordering Sweden along its entire eastern edge, where Scandinavian landscapes at their most meditative and unspoilt unfold in every direction. Hamar, the county capital on the shore of Lake Mjøsa (Norway's largest lake), rose to medieval prominence as a bishop's seat whose cathedral ruins — now enclosed in a striking modern glass structure — stand as testimony to a lost civic grandeur. The Glomma River, Norway's longest, begins its 600-kilometre journey to the Oslofjord from the Røros area, and the county's traditional log-built farmsteads represent some of Norway's finest vernacular architecture.

Østfold

Østfold occupies Norway's southeastern corner between the Oslofjord and the Swedish border, a county of rolling agricultural landscapes interrupted by the historic fortified towns of Fredrikstad and Halden, whose strategic positions on the E6 corridor shaped centuries of Scandinavian conflict. Fredrikstad's Gamlebyen — the old town — is the best-preserved fortified town in Scandinavia, its 17th-century bastions, moated ramparts, and cobbled interior streets so intact that film companies use it without additional set dressing for historical productions. Halden's Fredriksten Fortress, which repelled repeated Swedish invasion attempts across three centuries, is where King Charles XII of Sweden died during an assault in 1718 — one of the most consequential deaths in Scandinavian political history, witnessed from a hilltop above the same river that still flows below.

Oslo

Norway's capital commands the head of the Oslofjord in a city that has spent the past decade rebuilding its waterfront into one of northern Europe's most architecturally ambitious urban landscapes. The Oslo Opera House — whose sloping white marble roof you can walk across to the fjord's edge — the Munch Museum, and the Vigeland Sculpture Park's 200 bronze and granite figures make the cultural offer extraordinary for a city of 700,000 people. The Holmenkollen ski jump rises above the pine-forested Nordmarka ridge that begins literally at the tram terminus, giving Oslo an outdoor dimension most capital cities can only envy.

Bergen

Bergen is Norway's fjord gateway and its most atmospheric city — a place of seven hills, persistent rain, and the UNESCO-listed Bryggen wharf, whose row of painted Hanseatic wooden buildings reflected in the harbour has been reproduced on more postcards than any other Norwegian image. The funicular to Mount Fløyen above the city delivers a panorama of islands, fjords, and timber rooftops that makes the weather entirely forgivable, and the fish market at the quayside has sold the day's catch since the Middle Ages. Bergen is the western starting point for the Hardangerfjord and the Flåm Railway, making it the natural base for anyone exploring Norway's most celebrated fjord scenery.

Tromsø

Tromsø is the world's premier city for Northern Lights viewing — its position at 69° north, surrounded by open fjords that create wide, dark sky horizons, and its long dark season from September through March make it the most reliable aurora destination in Europe. The city is also a genuine metropolis by Arctic standards: a buzzing university town of 75,000 with excellent restaurants, a craft brewery scene, and the architecturally striking Arctic Cathedral visible from every approach by sea. The Lyngen Alps rising above the eastern fjordshore make Tromsø the staging point for Norway's most celebrated ski mountaineering terrain, where you climb glaciated 1,800-metre peaks and descend directly to the sea.

Trondheim

Trondheim is Norway's spiritual capital — home to Nidaros Cathedral, the northernmost Gothic cathedral in the world and for seven centuries the goal of Scandinavia's most important pilgrimage, built over the tomb of Saint Olav who Christianised Norway in the 11th century. The Nidelva River wraps around the old city in a great bend, its banks lined with coloured wooden wharfhouses that date from the Hanseatic trading era and now house the cafes and boutiques of the Bryggen neighbourhood. Norway's second university city has a youthful energy that belies its medieval gravity, and the fortress of Kristiansten watches over both from a pine-forested ridge above the rooftops.

Stavanger

Stavanger is Norway's oil capital and the jumping-off point for Preikestolen — the flat-topped Pulpit Rock that hovers 604 metres above Lysefjord on a naturally formed platform that requires no guard rail, just your own nerve at the edge. The old town (Gamle Stavanger), with its 173 white wooden houses arranged on cobbled lanes near the harbour, is Norway's best-preserved pre-industrial townscape and the most photogenic district of any Norwegian city outside Bergen. The Norwegian Petroleum Museum on the waterfront documents the transformation that North Sea oil wrought on Norway — a story of enormous wealth, environmental tension, and sovereign fund discipline that changed the country beyond recognition in a single generation.

Ålesund

Ålesund was rebuilt entirely in Art Nouveau style after an 1904 fire destroyed most of the city, creating a remarkably coherent townscape of ornate facades, tower spires, and decorated gables that make it unlike any other city in Norway. The city occupies a series of small islands connected by bridges between the open Atlantic and the entrance to the Geirangerfjord, and Mount Aksla above the town centre provides a panoramic platform over the entire archipelago. The Geiranger Fjord cruise departs from just south of the city, making Ålesund the natural overnight stop for anyone doing Norway's most famous single-day excursion.

Flåm

Flåm is the most concentrated single tourist experience in Norway — a small village at the innermost arm of the Sognefjord whose railway, the Flåmsbana, descends 863 metres in 20 kilometres from the Myrdal mountain plateau through eleven tunnels, past the Kjosfossen waterfall, and into the fjordside valley in under an hour of pure scenic exhilaration. The Aurlandsfjord arm of the Sognefjord at Flåm's doorstep is narrow enough to feel intimate but deep enough to admit cruise ships, creating a waterfront that alternates between absolute silence and the arrival of thousands of day-trippers from the fjord fleet. The village itself is small enough to walk in ten minutes, making the journey itself — not the destination — the entire point.

Svolvær

Svolvær is the main town of the Lofoten Islands — the archipelago of jagged rock peaks rising vertically from the Norwegian Sea that has been Norway's most intensively photographed landscape since the age of Instagram made its red-painted rorbuer and mirror-flat water a visual shorthand for Nordic perfection. The town is compact and functional, its harbour backed by the dramatic twin spires of the Svolværgeita ('the Svolvær Goat') rock formation that experienced climbers ascend to leap between summits. Year-round visitors arrive for the winter cod fishing season, spring birdwatching, summer midnight sun kayaking, and autumn aurora viewing above the darkening sea.

Geiranger

Geiranger is the village at the head of Geirangerfjord — the branch of Norway's fjord system that UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site for the sheer drama of its 1,500-metre walls, plunging waterfalls, and abandoned farmsteads clinging to vertical ledges where families once winched their hay harvest down the cliff face. The Seven Sisters waterfall and the Suitor opposite provide the fjord's signature image, best seen from the deck of the Hurtigruten coastal express or from the Ørnesvingen viewpoint on the mountain road above. The village itself is tiny — fewer than 300 permanent residents — surrounded by one of Earth's most disproportionately magnificent natural settings.

Lillehammer

Lillehammer hosted the 1994 Winter Olympics with a warmth and organisational competence that set a standard for winter Games that subsequent hosts have struggled to match, and its Lysgårdsbakkene ski jump and Olympic bob track are still in use and open to visitors. The Maihaugen open-air folk museum on the city's edge holds over 200 traditional Norwegian buildings — farmsteads, stave churches, and craftsmen's workshops — assembled in a hillside setting that is the finest survey of pre-industrial Norwegian building culture in the country. The view south from Hunderfossen down the Gudbrandsdal valley toward Oslo, and north toward the Jotunheimen mountains that defined Peer Gynt's imagined landscape, frames a city that feels genuinely embedded in Norwegian cultural geography.

Kristiansand

Kristiansand is Norway's summer city — the southern coastal hub where Scandinavian families have converged every July since the Norwegian holiday tradition began, drawn by the warmest sea temperatures in the country and a string of granite island archipelagos ideal for boating. Dyreparken, the country's most visited family attraction, combines Scandinavia's largest zoo with water parks and rollercoasters in a campus that draws over a million visitors annually, making it a serious rival to Copenhagen's Tivoli for Scandinavian family tourism. The old town's grid of neoclassical wooden houses around the Posebyen quarter is Norway's finest example of planned early 19th-century townscape outside Oslo.

Røros

Røros is the most complete historic town in Norway — a 17th-century copper-mining settlement whose wooden houses in their distinctive ochre, red, and black earth colours have barely changed since the mines closed in 1977, earning it UNESCO World Heritage status as one of Europe's most intact pre-industrial towns. The Røros Church, the largest timber-framed church in Norway, dominates the townscape as it did in the mining era, and the smelting works whose noise and heat once filled the valley are now a museum of extraordinary industrial completeness. Sitting at 628 metres altitude on the Rørosvidda plateau, the town experiences temperatures as low as -50°C in exceptional winters, a fact that lends its well-preserved streetscape an extra layer of hardiness.

Tønsberg

Tønsberg, founded in 872, is Norway's oldest town and its most Viking-haunted — the seat of medieval Norwegian kings and the gateway to the Vestfold burial mounds where the Oseberg ship (now in Oslo's Viking Ship Museum) was excavated from its earth barrow in 1904, along with some of the finest Norse artefacts ever discovered. The Slottsfjell hill at the town's centre preserves medieval fortress ruins above a waterfront of colourful wooden houses that still has the character of the prosperous 19th-century maritime trading port. Tønsberg is the natural base for exploring the Vestfold Viking Trail — a series of burial mounds, runic stones, and medieval sites strung along the Oslofjord's western shore.

Fredrikstad

Fredrikstad's Gamlebyen is the best-preserved fortified town in Scandinavia — a 17th-century military stronghold of moated bastions, cobbled streets, and uniformly preserved wooden architecture so complete that the occasional camera crew disappears without needing to dress a single building. The old town occupies an island in the Glomma River opposite the modern city, connected by a short ferry that feels like a time capsule — the crossing takes three minutes and delivers you from contemporary Norway into a military townscape of the 1660s. The surrounding archipelago of islands in the outer Oslofjord, reached by summer passenger ferry, provides Fredrikstad with a coastal playground to match any city on Norway's southern shore.

Bodø

Bodø sits at the Arctic Circle on a peninsula above one of Norway's most dramatic natural phenomena — the Saltstraumen maelstrom, where tidal currents force 400 million cubic metres of seawater through a 150-metre-wide strait four times a day, creating the world's strongest tidal current visible from road bridges and popular with divers chasing the coalfish that mass in its churning eddies. The city is the main access point for the Lofoten Islands by express boat and ferry, and its new city centre — rebuilt after almost total destruction by German bombing in 1940 — has been transformed by the SALT arts festival into one of Norway's most energetic cultural destinations north of Trondheim. The Bodø Aviation Museum, documenting Norway's role in Cold War Arctic aerial surveillance, is one of the country's best specialist museums.

The Urnes stave church on the Lustrafjord in western Norway, built around 1130 and incorporating carved wooden elements from an even earlier church on the same site, is the oldest and most architecturally sophisticated surviving stave church in the world — its animal interlace carvings in the Urnes style, in which serpentine creatures writhe through stylised foliage in a pattern of extraordinary intricacy, define the final phase of Viking Age decorative art. The church's wooden structure, maintained through seven centuries of Norwegian weather, demonstrates a carpentry tradition of remarkable durability.

The Bryggen wharf in Bergen, a row of characteristic wooden gabled warehouses along the eastern shore of the Vågen harbour, was the most important trading station of the Hanseatic League in northern Europe — through this wharf passed most of the stockfish caught in Norwegian waters and shipped to markets across Catholic Europe for 400 years. After multiple fires, the current buildings date mostly from the 18th century, but the medieval plot structure and the alley system behind the facades reproduce the original Hanseatic organisation of the wharf.

Røros in the Røros Mountains of Trøndelag, a copper mining town in operation from 1644 to 1977, preserves one of the most complete examples of a Nordic mining town — its wooden houses, church, smelting works, slag heaps, and miners' farms creating a total industrial landscape in which every element reflects the social organisation of the copper industry. The town escaped both fire and wartime destruction; its wooden architecture, surviving through 300 harsh Norwegian winters, represents an unbroken continuity of building tradition.

The rock carvings and rock paintings at Alta in Finnmark, created between 4200 and 500 BCE, are the largest and most diverse concentration of prehistoric rock art in northern Europe — more than 6,000 images of humans, boats, reindeer, bears, and ritual scenes spread across four main sites on the Altafjord. The carvings record the transition from a hunting culture to a more complex society in the Arctic regions of Scandinavia over 4,000 years.

The Vega Archipelago, a cluster of small islands and skerries just south of the Arctic Circle off the coast of Nordland, is inscribed for the traditional practice of harvesting eiderdown from wild eider ducks — a relationship of mutual benefit between humans and birds maintained for at least 1,500 years, in which women build shelters for nesting eider and collect the down the birds line their nests with. The archipelago's coastal landscape of fishing villages, lighthouses, and boathouses reflects a way of life perfectly adapted to the high northern coast.

The Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord in western Norway, enclosed within their respective mountains by walls of cliff up to 1,400 metres high — the greatest fjord depths in the world — represent the most dramatic examples of the glacially carved fjord landscape that defines the Norwegian coast. Geirangerfjord's Seven Sisters waterfall and the UNESCO-inscribed village of Geiranger at its head, and Nærøyfjord's 250-metre-wide narrows at Bakka, are among the most visited natural landscapes in Scandinavia.

The northernmost point of the Struve Geodetic Arc, established by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve between 1816 and 1855 to measure the exact shape of the earth, is at Fuglenes near Hammerfest — the northernmost point of a chain of triangulation stations stretching 2,820 kilometres to the Black Sea. The Norwegian section contains four points in Finnmark; the Arc is the first international geodetic survey and spans ten countries.

The industrial towns of Rjukan and Notodden in Telemark, built between 1905 and 1916 by the Norsk Hydro company to exploit the hydroelectric power of the Rjukan Falls for the electrolytic production of fertiliser, are the most complete example of the 20th century's first major hydroelectric-industrial complex. The power stations, transmission lines, workers' housing, transport infrastructure, and social institutions (shops, cinema, sports facilities, housing) built by Norsk Hydro in the Hardangervidda wilderness constitute a planned industrial community of unusual completeness.